3/4/2026 Youtube Video Summaries using Grok AI

 The transcript from the "Building Wisconsin" episode provides an in-depth, narrative overview of becoming a professional plumber in Wisconsin through the 5-year apprenticeship program offered by Plumbers Local 75 (primarily serving southeast Wisconsin, including Milwaukee and surrounding areas). Hosted by Steuart Keith, it follows a fictionalized "Steuart" as he explores and completes the path, interspersed with explanations from instructor Pat and insights from a real apprentice.

The Application and Selection Process

Becoming an apprentice isn't as simple as walking in and signing up. Plumbers Local 75 emphasizes screening to ensure candidates can succeed, as contractors invest heavily from day one.

• Interested individuals attend a 2-hour orientation (held the first Friday of odd months).
• They receive an application and take an aptitude test (focusing on math and learning ability; high school grads are generally well-prepared, but refreshers are available for those out of school).
• Successful test-takers proceed to a 15-minute oral interview before the Joint Apprenticeship Committee, covering life skills, experience, and fit.
• Candidates are ranked on a combined score list.
• When contractors need apprentices, they pull from the ranked list.
• Additional requirements include a drug test and, often, finding a sponsoring contractor.

The process weeds out those not suited for the demands: reliability, willingness to learn, punctuality, and productivity. The field is in demand—contractor optimism is high due to projects in Milwaukee, housing growth, and infrastructure needs.

The 5-Year Apprenticeship Structure

This is a paid, earn-while-you-learn program combining on-the-job training (OJT) with classroom instruction. It's roughly 8,000 hours total (mostly OJT, with required paid related instruction and additional unpaid/night classes). Apprentices are union members (Local 75), receiving wages, benefits, and progressive raises (e.g., starting at around 55% of journeyman scale in year 1, increasing annually to near 100% by completion).

• Classroom training: One full day per week (paid, at journeyman-level wage rate for that day). Starts with basics like math, plumbing code, blueprint reading, and tool use. Progresses yearly.
• On-the-job training: The rest of the week with a contractor, applying skills under journeymen/foremen mentorship.
• Additional requirements: Night classes (e.g., ~260-300 unpaid hours total over 5 years), including welding and specialized topics.
• Hands-on labs: At the training center, apprentices work in realistic setups (e.g., drain-waste-vent systems, water piping, fixtures, carriers for commercial toilets, med gas piping, soldering/brazing).

Year-by-year progression (general overview from the episode):

• Year 1: Basics—math, code overview, blueprint reading (hand drawing first), drain-waste-vent systems, tool/equipment use (e.g., lasers for elevations). General intro; productive on jobsite from day one.
• Year 2: Water sizing (per code), national gas piping (NFPA 54), more code depth. Transition to electronic drawings (AutoCAD introduced, building on hand-drawing skills). Some overlap with electrical basics for plumbing components.
• Year 3: Fixtures, septic systems, water consumption, more specialized commercial/residential exposure.
• Year 4: Backflow prevention, advanced areas, welding (for supports/hangers in commercial/industrial), soldering/brazing techniques (offsets, angles). Night classes often here.
• Year 5: Advanced/specialized topics (e.g., med gas for hospitals—brazing at higher temps), backflow, fixtures/appliances. Prep for licensure.

Study habits are crucial—expect 2–6+ hours of homework weekly. The program covers residential, commercial, and industrial (no separate "residential plumber" license; a plumber is a plumber). Math is foundational (e.g., offsets, sizing, elevations).

Challenges and Mindset

Many enter expecting mostly physical "brawn" work, but it's knowledge-intensive (codes: plumbing, gas, building, electrical overlaps; safety/OSHA). Bookwork rivals or exceeds college in intensity, but it's directly applicable—no unrelated gen-ed classes. Apprentices get paid to learn (unlike college debt), with raises yearly.

One apprentice shares: After 3 years of unsatisfying college, he switched—loves hands-on work, building things that last, self-sufficiency (fixing home issues), pride in visible results, and no debt.

Completion and Beyond

• Annual exams to advance years.
• After 5 years (meeting hours, classes, OJT): Take the state Journeyman Plumber exam (open-book, two-part, 70% pass required; ~6 hours, intense—not everyone passes first try).
• Passing grants a Journeyman Plumber license (work under master plumber supervision; can pursue master license later, foreman roles, business ownership).
• Union support continues: continuing education (20–25 classes offered, e.g., med gas, service/repair, water treatment), benefits (health insurance, pension), career security.

Why Plumbing in Wisconsin?

Plumbers ensure safe clean water delivery and wastewater removal—vital for health, especially near the Great Lakes. The trade offers stability, good pay (journeyman wages strong, with benefits), no college debt, and diverse work (residential to hospital med gas). Demand remains solid, with opportunities in growing areas.

Overall, the episode portrays plumbing apprenticeship as a rigorous but rewarding path: paid training, mentorship, skill-building, and a debt-free route to a respected, well-compensated career protecting public health. Local 75's program exemplifies union-backed excellence in the trade. For current details, check plumbers75.com or Wisconsin's Department of Workforce Development/DSPS sites.

The transcript is from a motivational talk (likely a YouTube video or podcast episode by entrepreneur Alex Hormozi) challenging the popular advice to "follow your passion." Hormozi reframes passion based on its true etymological roots and real-world experience, arguing that modern interpretations have distorted it into a feel-good myth that misleads people—especially young entrepreneurs—into quitting when things get hard.

The True Meaning of Passion

The word "passion" derives from the Latin passio (or patior/pati), meaning "to suffer," "endure," or "undergo." Its earliest English usage (around the 12th–13th century) referred to the Passion of Christ—the suffering and crucifixion of Jesus. It signified enduring hardship for something greater, not effortless enjoyment.

Hormozi argues this has been "bastardized" into "do what you love," leading people to expect constant joy. A young entrepreneur once approached him after quitting his job to go all-in on a business, only to hate the daily grind and feel he was failing because it wasn't pure bliss. Hormozi's response: You're not doing it wrong—true passion means finding something worth suffering for, not something that feels good every second.

Why "Follow Your Passion" Is a Myth

• Passion exists in the vague, not the specific: Even if you pursue what you think is your passion (e.g., starting a business around a hobby), success flips the script. 95% of daily work becomes administrative, managerial, or supportive tasks you may dislike. The "passion moments" are brief, rare, or fleeting.
• Overexposure kills enjoyment: Like eating your favorite pizza every meal—it loses appeal. Hormozi loves meeting with 10 high-level entrepreneurs monthly (his most expensive service), but he'd hate doing it daily. Rarity preserves value; abundance breeds boredom or resentment.
• No path is all sunshine: As an employee, you might stick to one enjoyable task in a larger system. As a scalable business owner, the "what" changes constantly. Only solopreneurs or non-scalers might preserve more of the enjoyable core—but even then, it's limited.
• Hedonic adaptation is real: Humans adapt to good things quickly, returning to baseline happiness. Constant "jolly" work would bore you anyway.

The advice to "follow your passion" is often politically correct and easy, but unrealistic. It sets people up to quit when difficulty hits, mistaking normal suffering for the wrong path.

Suffering Is a Fixed Cost of Life

Hormozi's core thesis: Suffering is inevitable on every path—entrepreneurship, employment, poverty, wealth, marriage, singledom. Plateaued businesses suck; decaying ones suck; growing ones suck. Change brings new suffering.

• People use "lack of passion" as an excuse to avoid difficulty, repeated unenjoyable tasks, or delayed gratification.
• Reframe: Don't seek only good experiences—reframe bad things as good (or at least worthwhile). Like rain vs. sunshine—both have benefits; change your perception, not reality.
• Hypothetical: Three $10 rides—one you hate, one moderate, one you love intensely. All cost the same suffering toll. Pick the big one—same pain, bigger reward.
• Aiming small still hurts; might as well aim big. Downside fears are just suffering in disguise.

Success and failure are on the same road—failure is just an earlier exit.

The Real Path: Passion for the Why/How, Not the What

• What you do (e.g., carving ships, gaming, painting) is external, changeable, and often a "treat"—not sustainable as a requirement.
• Why (purpose) and how (approach) are internal and persistent. Passionate about the goal/outcome? The path's pain matters less.
• Viktor Frankl: "If a man has a big enough why, he can overcome almost any how." (Or Joe Rogan: A man will crawl through broken glass smiling for loved ones.)
• Research example: People endure triple the pain when told it spares loved ones shocks—love (willingness to sacrifice) amplifies endurance.
• Operational love: Measured by what you're willing to give up to maintain it. Soldiers fight for family/friends/duty, not love of combat.
• Hormozi's personal "why": Helping men provide/protect (core to provide-protect-procreate for him), influencing positively, legacy over wealth. He endured misery (e.g., sleeping on gym floor, rashes, no sleep, lost social status quitting white-collar for blue-collar) because the outcome mattered.
• Even after financial freedom ($42M distributions pre-exit at 31), he tried "retiring" and was miserable—no quest. A man needs a quest worth suffering for.

Practical Takeaways

• Don't delay pursuing something valuable while hunting elusive "passion."
• Find what people value → do it despite sucking → build skills → demand outstrips time → support the core thing you care about.
• Growth requires stretching: The pain of becoming who the struggle demands is growth itself.
• Accept suffering as the toll—pick the destination worth paying it for.
• Make duty cool again: Work hard for family, legacy, meaning—not just personal highs.
• Hormozi promotes his free 10-stage roadmap (0 to $100M+) at acquisition.com/roadmap—real stages, constraints, solutions across industries.

In essence: Life's suffering is fixed; choose the path whose rewards justify it. Passion isn't avoiding pain—it's enduring it for a meaningful "why." If you're suffering in pursuit of something bigger than yourself, nothing's wrong—you're on the path. The myth of effortless passion keeps people stuck; embracing endurance sets them free. (About 10-minute read at average pace.)

The video by Roger Wakefield (The Expert Plumber, a well-known YouTube creator and licensed master plumber) breaks down the real costs of plumbing repairs, focusing on two main pricing models: Time and Materials (TNM or T&M) versus Flat Rate Pricing (also called upfront, straightforward, or task-based pricing). He explains why repairs seem expensive but are often worth it, how pricing works behind the scenes, and what homeowners should expect or ask.

Time and Materials (TNM) Pricing

This is the traditional "old school" method many plumbers still use.

• You pay for the actual time spent on the job plus materials.
• Charging often starts when the plumber begins driving to your home (or upon arrival).
• Roger sees nothing inherently wrong with this—someone has to cover the plumber's drive time, gas, van stock, insurance, tires, etc. You're the one requesting the service.
• To make it fairer, some companies add an automatic half-hour drive time to the ticket upfront, so you know the baseline cost immediately.
• Downside: It incentivizes inefficiency. A slow or inexperienced plumber earns more the longer the job takes (higher bill for you). You risk getting stuck with the "worst" plumber who drags things out.
• In small towns or with high-efficiency routing (e.g., 75% efficiency where jobs are 10–15 minutes apart), TNM can work well—skilled plumbers finish faster, and you pay less overall.

Flat Rate / Upfront / Straightforward Pricing

This modern approach (inspired by auto mechanics) is increasingly common.

• The plumber uses a pricing book (or app/iPad) with pre-set prices for specific tasks based on average time, materials, and an built-in hourly rate.
• Example: Pulling and resetting a toilet might be priced at ~1 hour of labor + $15 materials → total fixed price (e.g., $300–$500 depending on area).
• You get an upfront quote: Approve it or decline—no surprises on time.
• How it's calculated: Companies build in their effective hourly rate (often $325–$400 nationally for flat-rate books, though Roger notes some charge up to $650/hour equivalent and others under $100). This accounts for ~50% efficiency in big cities (half the day driving/setup) vs. higher in smaller areas.
• Pros for homeowners: Predictability—no bill shock. You know the cost before work starts. Encourages efficiency (plumber profits more by finishing faster).
• Pros for plumbers/companies: Better profitability, rewards skilled/fast workers.
• Potential issues: Like mechanics, if hidden problems arise (e.g., a broken mounting bracket while changing an alternator), the price increases—but good companies use a diagnostic fee (e.g., $100–$200) to investigate first and provide an accurate quote.
• Many prefer this for common tasks (e.g., faucet install, toilet reset, drain cleaning).

Which is Better?

• Homeowners: Most prefer flat rate/upfront for transparency and no scary open-ended bills. TNM feels risky if the plumber lingers.
• Plumbers: Varies—some stick with TNM for training newbies (they learn on slower jobs) or custom work; others love flat rate for rewarding skill and speed. Roger leans toward task-based upfront pricing as fairer overall.
• It depends on usage: Flat rate shines for standard repairs; TNM for highly variable/custom jobs.

Real-World Costs (National Averages from Recent Data)

Plumbing repair costs vary by location (higher in cities like CA/NY, lower in rural/Midwest), job complexity, emergency status, and plumber experience.

• Hourly rates (TNM or underlying flat-rate basis): $45–$200/hour nationally; most residential work $75–$150/hour (average ~$90–$130). Master plumbers often $125–$200+.
• Service/diagnostic/call-out fee: $50–$200 (covers travel/setup; many charge $150–$300 just to show up).
• Flat-rate common repairs (upfront pricing):
  • Drain unclogging: $100–$400
  • Faucet repair/install: $150–$400
  • Toilet repair/reset: $175–$550
  • Leaky pipe fix: $150–$850
  • Water heater repair: $150–$800 (replacement $800–$3,000+)
• Overall small/average repair: $125–$500 (national average job ~$280–$340).
• Emergency/after-hours: 1.5–2x regular rates ($150–$350+/hour).
• Bigger jobs (e.g., repiping sections, sewer lines): $500–$4,000+.

Roger stresses: Hire the best plumber you can find—cheap ones often lead to callbacks, poor work, or bigger problems later. Quality pros justify the cost with reliability, warranties, and proper fixes. Prices reflect overhead (tools, insurance, vans), skill, and value in protecting your home from water damage.

Bottom line: Plumbing isn't cheap because it's skilled, liability-heavy work—but it's worth it for health, safety, and preventing disasters. Ask upfront about pricing model, diagnostic fees, and guarantees. If you're a plumber, Roger invites comments on your preference (TNM or flat rate). (About 10-minute read at normal pace.)

Hempcrete (also called hemp-lime or hempcrete) is a revolutionary, ancient-yet-modern building material: a lightweight composite of hemp hurd (the woody inner core of the industrial hemp plant, Cannabis sativa), mixed with a lime binder and water. It's non-structural (used as insulation infill around timber/steel frames), breathable, mold-resistant, fireproof in tests, and carbon-negative. The transcript argues it's been suppressed for decades due to economic interests tied to hemp prohibition, despite superior performance over conventional materials like concrete, fiberglass, and cement-based products.

Ancient Origins and Rediscovery

Evidence of hemp's use in construction dates back centuries. In 2016, researchers (Rajdeo Singh of India's Archaeological Survey and botanist Milind M. Sardesai) analyzed 6th–11th century plaster in the Ellora Caves (a UNESCO site in Maharashtra). Using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and stereomicroscopy, they found ~10% cannabis sativa fibers, shoots, leaves, and buds embedded in the clay-lime plaster.

This hemp-infused mix:

• Regulated humidity for 1,500 years.
• Repelled insects (Ellora murals intact vs. ~25% insect damage in nearby Ajanta Caves without it).
• Enhanced durability and fire resistance.

Ancient builders engineered precisely with it—then knowledge faded.

Modern Revival in France

In 1986, French mason Charles Rasetti (Italian-born) restored a 16th-century timber-frame house in Nogent-sur-Marne. Modern cement repairs trapped moisture, causing rot. He needed a vapor-permeable alternative.

He mixed hemp hurd (discarded farm waste) with lime and water—creating hempcrete. Lime (from heated limestone) reabsorbs CO₂ over time, mineralizing into limestone (calcium hydroxide + CO₂ → calcium carbonate + water). This "cures" indefinitely, strengthening with age—like the Ellora plaster.

Collaborators like France Perier refined formulas; by 1988–1989, companies like Canosmose and Isocanne commercialized it with movable formwork for new builds. Associations and research followed. It started from necessity (saving old houses), not environmentalism—revealing unmatched breathability, moisture management, and longevity.

Fire Resistance Breakthroughs

Hempcrete excels in fire safety—critical where house fires kill ~2,700 Americans yearly and cost $7.3B in damage.

• 2020: Hempitecture's sample scored perfect 0 on ASTM E84 (flame spread/smoke developed index)—no combustion, just surface charring, no toxic smoke/droplets.
• July 9, 2024: Americhanvre (Cameron McIntosh, Pennsylvania) conducted the first U.S. full-scale ASTM E119 test (funded by $1.9M U.S. Army SBIR grant) at Intertek Labs, York, PA. A 12-inch spray-applied hempcrete wall (with lime plaster) under load endured 1,700°F (927°C) for 60 minutes—no penetration/failure. Hose-stream test passed. The unexposed side stayed at ambient temperature (no heat transfer).

These results position hempcrete as near-fireproof for residential use.

Carbon-Negative Power

A 2020 University of Colorado Boulder study (Jay H. Arehart et al., Journal of Cleaner Production) modeled hempcrete's lifecycle: -16.0 kg CO₂e per functional unit (net negative). Hemp sequesters CO₂ via photosynthesis; lime carbonates in situ. Embodied carbon: ~ -35.5 kg CO₂/m² vs. +70.3 kg for equivalent cavity walls—a 100+ kg swing/m².

Hemp grows fast (13 ft in 4 months), needs minimal water/pesticides, and uses waste hurd.

Suppression and Prohibition

Hemp was once ordinary—George Washington grew it. Pre-1937, no "marijuana" stigma.

The Marihuana Tax Act (1937) criminalized it via linguistic trick ("marijuana" over "hemp/cannabis"). Harry J. Anslinger (Federal Bureau of Narcotics commissioner, 1930–1962) drove the campaign with racist propaganda (linking to minorities, jazz, crime via "gore files" from Hearst tabloids). Anslinger was tied to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon (his uncle-in-law, DuPont backer). DuPont patented nylon in 1937; hemp threatened synthetics/paper (Hearst's timber interests).

The 1970 Controlled Substances Act placed all cannabis in Schedule I (like heroin)—no distinction for industrial hemp. Farmers needed DEA registration, FBI checks, fencing, monitoring. Only one U.S. hemp grower registered in 81 years.

Result: No building codes, ASTM standards, insurance tables, or mortgages for hempcrete—regulatory erasure more effective than bans. Concrete ($1.82T global market, 8% of emissions), cement ($384B), fiberglass insulation ($2.52B U.S.) thrived unchallenged.

Modern Momentum and Real-World Use

The 2018 Farm Bill descheduled hemp—now an ordinary crop.

• Minnesota's Lower Sioux Indian Community (Morton): Facing moldy, inefficient housing and high heating costs, they grew hemp (2017 pilot), built Minnesota's first hempcrete home/duplex (2023), opened a $2.3M facility (2024) for blocks/panels, won $5M EPA grant (2025) to renovate 30 homes and plan 200 new ones. Minnesota adopted hempcrete code (2025). Danny Desjarlais (project manager) calls it "seed to sovereignty"—reviving traditional resource use, creating jobs/training, honoring ancestors ("every part of the plant").
• International Residential Code (2024) includes hempcrete (Appendix BL, voluntary).
• Costs: Wall assemblies $12–$18/ft² (vs. $5–$10 conventional); pre-fab blocks ~$14/ft². Gap narrows with supply chains.

Limits and Practicalities

• Non-structural (needs frame).
• No ground contact; raised foundation + moisture barrier.
• Cure 4–6 weeks (rain-protected).
• Breathable finishes only (lime plaster/render; no vinyl/cement/paint).
• Three ingredients: Hemp hurd + lime + water (4:1 ratio by volume).

Hempcrete is proven: 1,500-year durability, zero flame spread, carbon-negative, healthy (mold-resistant, 40–60% humidity optimal), low-impact crop.

The transcript asks: Why isn't it everywhere? Economic incumbents benefited from prohibition's void. Now legal, tested, coded in places—the question is demand. It's not just material—it's sovereignty, health, climate repair. (About 10-minute read.)

Roger Wakefield, a licensed master plumber with over 40 years of experience (and a popular YouTube educator via his channel "Roger Wakefield Plumbing Education"), shares practical, actionable advice on how to learn plumbing effectively—whether you're a beginner, apprentice, or seasoned pro looking to stay ahead. The core message: Plumbing is a skill like any other—you must study consistently, treat it as ongoing education, and focus on product knowledge, codes, tools, materials, equipment, techniques, and daily habits to excel and outpace competitors.

1. Master Product Knowledge

If you're already in the field, prioritize deep familiarity with the products you install and use daily.

• Most manufacturers (e.g., water heater brands like Rheem, AO Smith, Bradford White) offer free training videos, manuals, and resources on their websites.
• Why it matters: The people who designed and built the product know its capabilities, quirks, tips, and tricks better than anyone. Studying these makes you more confident on jobs—you arrive prepared instead of fumbling through manuals or calling tech support lines in front of customers.
• Result: You look professional, solve issues faster, build trust, and reduce callbacks.

2. Study the Plumbing Code Early and Smartly (Especially for Beginners or Exam Prep)

Don't wait until exam time—start with code study from day one. It builds foundational understanding and makes on-the-job learning click faster.

• Roger recommends the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) Study Guide (a popular resource he frequently references and promotes).
• His proven method:
  • Flip to the back for questions and answers.
  • Note the correct answer, then go to the relevant chapter/section.
  • Read and understand the "why" behind it.
  • Repeat: Read through the book multiple times until concepts stick.
  • Cover answers, quiz yourself.
  • Highlight tricky question numbers in a distinct color—review only those for efficient mastery.
• This active, reverse-engineering approach (answer-first, then explanation) accelerates retention over passive reading.
• Codes evolve (e.g., UPC vs. IPC depending on your state), so ongoing study keeps you current.

3. Know Your Tools Inside and Out

Tools directly impact speed, safety, quality, and profitability—learn what's available and how to use them right.

• Basics: Pipe wrenches, adjustable wrenches, levels, tape measures, saws, etc.
• Modern innovations: Battery-powered quick-cutters for copper (spin-around mini saws), ProPress (press fittings—no torch), Milwaukee or Ridgid cutters for tight spaces.
• Avoid misuse (e.g., don't cut drywall with a shovel—use proper tools to respect other trades).
• Tip: Research new tools regularly—they save time/money (e.g., faster cuts = more jobs per day).
• Invest time learning: Watch demos, read reviews—tools that speed work help you earn more.

4. Stay Current on Materials and Options

Plumbing materials change—know past, present, and emerging ones to avoid surprises.

• Example: Roger once crawled under a house for a sewer repair expecting copper/torch setup, but found PEX (no-flame plastic line)—had to adapt on the fly.
• Study common types: Copper, PEX, CPVC, cast iron, PVC, etc.—their pros/cons, joining methods, code approvals.
• Knowing alternatives gives flexibility, prevents rework, and positions you as the knowledgeable pro.

5. Understand Equipment and Job-Specific Gear

Different jobs need different setups—commercial vs. residential, service vs. new construction.

• Examples: Roustabouts/lifts for heavy pipe (safer than ladders), specialty leak detection tools (acoustic, tracer gas, infrared).
• Roger uses multiple leak detection brands—each excels in scenarios (e.g., slab leaks, pools).
• Cross-study helps: He improved residential leak detection by learning swimming pool techniques.
• Focus: Safety, efficiency, smarter work = fewer injuries, faster jobs, higher earnings.

6. Learn Techniques from Specialists

Don't limit to basic plumbing—study how experts in niches operate.

• Slab leaks/leak detection: Research brands, methods (e.g., correlators, ground mics).
• Broader inspiration: Watch specialists in pools, commercial, or related fields.
• This cross-pollination sparks innovation and sets you apart.

Bonus: The Daily Habit That Separates Top Performers

Roger's #1 secret to staying in the top 5–10% of the industry: Study 30–60 minutes every single day.

• Never stop—plumbing evolves rapidly (tools like battery-powered everything, computers/iPads on jobs, new materials/codes).
• 40 years ago, no one imagined carrying a "computer" (smartphone/tablet) daily—now it's essential.
• Consistent daily effort compounds: You'll outpace those who coast.
• For old-school plumbers: Reflect on what "new" things you do now (e.g., apps, diagnostics).
• For newbies: Embrace change—think how today's tools could improve tomorrow.

Overall Mindset

Plumbing rewards lifelong learners. Study manufacturers' training, codes early/smartly, tools/materials/equipment/techniques, and commit to daily improvement. This not only makes you better technically but builds confidence, safety, speed, customer trust, and income. Roger ends by inviting comments: Old pros—what's new to you now? Newbies—what future changes excite you? (He might even build/test ideas.)

This approach turns plumbing from a job into a profession—practical, evolving, and rewarding. (About 10-minute read at normal pace.)